{"id":816,"date":"2026-01-31T06:32:01","date_gmt":"2026-01-31T06:32:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/profbisharegal.com\/?p=816"},"modified":"2026-01-31T06:32:01","modified_gmt":"2026-01-31T06:32:01","slug":"threat-to-somalias-national-security-and-existence-as-a-nation-state-the-right-to-self-defense","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/profbisharegal.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/31\/threat-to-somalias-national-security-and-existence-as-a-nation-state-the-right-to-self-defense\/","title":{"rendered":"Threat to Somalia\u2019s National Security and Existence as a Nation State. The Right to Self-Defense"},"content":{"rendered":"

On November 15, 2019 the UN security Council extended the illegal, immoral and racist 27 years of \u00a0arms sanctions on Somalia which was in effect since 1992.<\/em><\/p>\n

Through a recorded vote, the Security Council today renewed the mandate of the Panel of Experts for the sanctions regime on Somalia until 15\u00a0December\u00a02020, while also extending exemptions for the arms embargo and enforcement authorizations for the ban on illicit trade.<\/p>\n

\u201cAdopting resolution\u00a02498 (2019)<\/a>\u00a0through a vote of 12\u00a0in favour to none against, with 3\u00a0abstentions\u00a0(China, Equatorial Guinea, Russian Federation), the Council renewed for one\u00a0year the partial lifting of the arms embargo on Somali security forces and exemptions related to humanitarian aid, as well as the authorization for maritime interdiction of arms imports and charcoal exports that could benefit Al\u2011Shabaab and other armed groups.<\/p>\n

In its restrictions on weapons for the security forces, the Council decided that the delivery to Somali security forces of heavy weapons listed in the resolution\u2019s Annex\u00a0A requires advance approval by the Committee pursuant to resolution\u00a0751\u00a0(1992), while light weapons listed in its Annex\u00a0B require advance notification.\u00a0 Noting with concern reports that States were not adequately following such notification procedures, the Council reminded States of their obligations in that regard.<\/p>\n

The Council also maintained exemptions regarding military weapons, technical advice and training to the United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia\u00a0(UNSOM), the African Union Mission in Somalia\u00a0(AMISOM) and the European Union Training Mission Somalia.\u201d[1]<\/p>\n

Somalia is located in the Horn of Africa region with a\u00a02019 population\u00a0<\/strong>estimated at 17.44million (HornCSIS.org) estimates done August 27, 2019. It\u2019s the unity of Italian and British Somaliland\u2019s in 26 June 1960 and July 1st<\/sup>, 1960 respectively to form the united Somali Republic.<\/p>\n

The country is rapidly expanding with almost 3% annual population growth and a high fertility rate of 6.26 children per woman, which is the 4th highest in the world. Somalia\u2019s population ranks 73rd in the world. Somalia is rich in natural and mineral resources from abundant marine resources off the Somali coast \u2013 the longest coastal line in Africa; rich in both rare and strategic mineral resources; Fertile soil for\u00a0 agricultural production\u00a0 between the two main rivers of Jubba & shabelle as the\u00a0 main bread- basket in conjunction with\u00a0 potential production of animal resources.<\/p>\n

Somalia occupies approximately 246,200 square miles (637,657 square kilometers) of area in Africa, on the eastern coast which borders the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of\u00a0Aden<\/a>. When calculated with the 2019 population of 15.44 million people, the population density is 62.7 people per square mile (24.2 people per square kilometer) which ranks 155th\u00a0<\/sup>in the world.<\/p>\n

Somalia has been an independent, united, sovereign and geostrategtically very significant \u00a0nation from1960-69 with civilian government and a socialist military administration from 1969-91 \u00a0Until a western influenced, created and\u00a0 founded hyper-warfare engulfed the country starting the 1980\u2019s with tribally \u2013 based rebel movements mostly based in Marxist Ethiopia and UAE.<\/p>\n

The civil war of 1991- 2000 completely destroyed the country physically, socially, economically, with high toll in human loss. The ousting of\u00a0Mohamed Siad Barre<\/strong>\u00a0in 1991 sparks a decades-long civil war between rival clan warlords and the disintegration of central authority and pitted one tribe against another Former British Somaliland declares unilateral independence.<\/p>\n

The Transitional National + Federal Governments of Somalia from 2000-2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

By 2000 Somali political figures and militia leaders got together a peace conference in Arta, a small town outside of Djibouti city, with the election of 245 members of the parliament for Transitional National Government (TNG) and its first\u00a0President Abdiqassem Salaad Hassasn<\/strong>.\u00a0 The Transitional National Government of Somalia was the first Somali national government fully recognized by the world community from the AU, United Nations and the League of Arab States. By the end of the TNG term in 2003 there were unease among the political leadership and the general public to where the future of Somali peace, peace-building and sustainable reconciliation.<\/p>\n

Foreign interventions and meddling of Somalia by American and European interests using \u00a0the fake Global war on terror (GWOT)\u00a0 via neibouring countries of Ethiopia and Kenya has completely destabilized and destroyed the country from 2003- 2009\u00a0 thus, using UN security council arms sanctions and foreign military personal and PMC funded by both US\/EU\u00a0 in order to control and subjugate Somalia under their geo-strategic, economic and political interests since 1991.<\/p>\n

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Somalia\u2019s Dysfunctional Clan-Federalism<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Therefore, it seems \u00a0with 27 years if UNSC arms sanctions to be another form of Neocolonialism and Occupation of Somalia by certain international actors i.e. US\/EU \/UN\u00a0 are not really interested fundamentally in finding a sustainable security solutions for Somalia\u00a0 and those employing and using the United Nations security Council arms sanctions to keep Somalia a trusteeship of United Nations\u00a0 through decades long arms sanctions which prevent\u00a0 independent, sovereign Somalia Nation- state the right to Protection of its citizens, Control and security of its territorial\u00a0borders land, sea and Air space.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The election of 2017 of\u00a0President Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed<\/strong>, known as\u00a0Farmajo<\/strong>, Somali nationalist\u00a0 and centrist who strongly believes in rehabilitating and re-building the Somali National Army, Police, intelligence, coast and Border Guards have lifted the Somali psychic and \u00a0herald for dreaming a better tomorrow. He was a popular prime minister during his brief tenure in 2010 and 2011, with a reputation for making sure soldiers were paid their monthly salaries. And with state finances allegedly being diverted to fund an expensively corrupt electoral process they will be hoping to jump to the front of the queue.<\/p>\n

Together with his new\u00a0Prime Minister Hassan Ali Kheyre<\/strong>\u00a0and cabinet they set their immediate \u00a0national goal of re-building Somali security forces and apparatus form 2400 \u2013 to 45000 military and police personal across the country in less than 4 years with the assistance of friendly nations of Turkey, Egypt, and more recently Russia.<\/p>\n

Strengthening the national army and police force \u2013 in the new federal state that Somalia has become \u2013 Their National Goal\u00a0for preserving, protecting and Preventing Somali security and Unity.<\/p>\n

Today,\u00a0Somalia\u00a0<\/strong>desperately needs an effective, professional, well equipped and national\u00a0army\u00a0<\/strong>to stabilize the country and protect its citizens and country from one of the world\u2019s deadliest militant groups, al-Shabaab and foreign exploitation, occupation, balkanization and pillaging of Somali resources and affairs.<\/p>\n

The Somali Federal Government and its 17 Million people\u2019s cannot depend on their Sovereignty, territorial integrity and national security. Somalia needs the Lifting of these illegal, immoral, unsustainable arms sanctions immediately since these sanctions are detrimental to Somali security, economic, political, territorial integrity and soverngity.<\/p>\n

As Somali UN amabassador\u00a0Abukar Dahir Osman<\/strong>\u00a0called for the lifting of outdated sanctions imposed against his country. The measures fail to take into account Somalia\u2019s new positive reality and are not properly aligned with the Federal Government\u2019s efforts to rebuild a unified, equipped Somali National Army (SNA) capable of safeguarding its own people and territory.\u00a0 Affirming that Al\u2011Shabaab remains a serious threat to the peace and stability of Somalia and the wider region, he said that the sanctions lack clearly defined benchmarks in that context.<\/p>\n

As well, the millions that the international community has spent on monitoring teams and the Panel of Experts for more than a decade \u201cwill not properly address the root causes of the problem\u201d, he continued. Somalia\u2019s partners should instead invest in improving the Government\u2019s capacity in border control in order to curb the flow of foreign fighters and illegal weapons. Noting that the military base in Berbera is in clear violation of Somalia\u2019s sovereignty and territorial integrity, he stressed that his country will not tolerate the naming of Somali individuals and business enterprises by the Panel of Experts without a reasonable standard of proof.<\/p>\n

\u201cSomalia\u2019s representative, encouraging the Council to see the current challenges in the context of his country have continued upward trajectory and steady path towards the rebuilding process, said steps are being taken to improve relations among the states, combat sexual violence, enhance security and tackle humanitarian challenges.\u00a0 \u201cA State can only be as strong as the people within it,\u201d he said, noting that efforts are also under way to ensure women\u2019s participation in all aspects of life and to establish free, fair and credible elections.<\/p>\n

Also speaking today were representatives of the United Kingdom, United States, Kuwait, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, China, Indonesia, Peru, Belgium, Russian Federation, Germany and Poland.\u201d[2]<\/p>\n

It has made significant progress in the political, economic and social spheres.\u00a0 The backing of countries in the region and support from the United Nations, IGAD and the African Union has been essential to achieving peace and stability and countering the political stalemate. Good relations between different levels of government remain essential to enhancing security, he emphasized, calling on parties to speed up discussions on key issues.<\/p>\n

These are the 11 UN Security Council imposed arms Embargo since 1992:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) In January 1992 the UN Security Council imposed an open ended arms embargo on Somalia.<\/p>\n

2) February 2007 the embargo was amended to allow arms supplies to Somali Government Forces.<\/p>\n

3) In January 1992 Security Council Resolution 733 established an arms embargo on Somalia in\u00a0reaction to the ongoing conflict and deteriorating humanitarian situation. This Resolution was\u00a0unanimously adopted.<\/p>\n

4) In June 2001 Security Council Resolution 1356 allowed for exemptions to the embargo for\u00a0supplies of non-lethal military equipment for use in humanitarian operations.<\/p>\n

5) In July 2002 Security Council Resolution 1425 clarified the scope of the arms embargo, making\u00a0clear that it prohibited the financing of arms acquisitions as well as the direct or indirect sale or\u00a0supply of technical advice or military training.<\/p>\n

6) In December 2006 Security Council Resolution 1725 partially lifted the UN arms embargo on\u00a0Somalia. The resolution authorized the Intergovernmental Authority for Development (IGAD)\u00a0and African Union member States to deploy a regional intervention force to protect Somalia\u2019s\u00a0Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and to arm and train the TFG security forces. The\u00a0resolution maintains the existing embargo but states that its provisions do not apply to transfers\u00a0of military equipment, technical training and assistance intended for the regional intervention\u00a0force.<\/p>\n

7) In February 2007 Security Council Resolution 1744 limited the embargo to non-state actors. It\u00a0allowed the supply of weapons and military equipment intended solely for the purpose of\u00a0helping develop Somali security sector institutions if the sanctions committee on Somalia had\u00a0been notified in advance and on a case by case basis and if the SC had not made a negative decision within five working days after the notification.<\/p>\n

8) In November 2008 Security Council Resolution 1844 amended the arms embargo to target\u00a0entities that have violated the arms embargo or obstructed the delivery of humanitarian\u00a0assistance to or in Somalia.<\/p>\n

9) In December 2009 the UN imposed an arms embargo on Eritrea, partly in response to reports\u00a0that Eritrea had violated the arms embargo on Somalia. (For more information see the entry on\u00a0the UN arms embargo on Eritrea)<\/p>\n

10) In March 2013 Security Council Resolution 2093 amended the restrictions and procedures\u00a0related to arms supplies to the Somali \u00a0Government while maintaining the embargo on arms\u00a0supplies to non-state actors in the country. Security Council Resolution 2111 from July 2013\u00a0further clarified the decisions of Resolution 2093. Under the resolutions, for a one-year period,\u00a0until 6 March 2014, \u2018(\u2026) the arms embargo on Somalia shall not apply to deliveries of weapons,\u00a0military equipment, assistance or training intended solely for the development of the Security\u00a0Forces of the Federal Government of Somalia, and to provide security for the Somali people (\u2026)<\/strong>\u2019.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

On November 15, 2019 the UN security Council extended the illegal, immoral and racist 27 years of \u00a0arms sanctions on […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":817,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-816","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/profbisharegal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/816","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/profbisharegal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/profbisharegal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/profbisharegal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/profbisharegal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=816"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/profbisharegal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/816\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":818,"href":"https:\/\/profbisharegal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/816\/revisions\/818"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/profbisharegal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/817"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/profbisharegal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=816"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/profbisharegal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=816"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/profbisharegal.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=816"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}